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A mineral containing phosphorous

A term for igneous rocks having a texture of grainy crystal visible to the naked eye

The sum of homogenous material within a larger heterogeneous material body

The period 280 to 245 million years ago, followed by the Mesozoic era. Known as the age of amphibians

The replacement of minerals in organic matter by calcareous, carbonaceous or siliceous minerals, which serve to solidify and preserve the form of the matter beyond its organic state

A depth of the earth’s surface or subsurface which is permanently frozen.

Intrusive igneous rock formed within olivine, the source of Peridot

A solid block of rock used to support a mine shaft

The arrangement of all know elements, natural or manmade, based on density and further grouped by prevalent characteristics where correlations are known to exist

Usually the first refined iron product from a smelter, subject to further refinement prior to use