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The replacement of minerals in organic matter by calcareous, carbonaceous or siliceous minerals, which serve to solidify and preserve the form of the matter beyond its organic state

A depth of the earth’s surface or subsurface which is permanently frozen.

Intrusive igneous rock formed within olivine, the source of Peridot

A solid block of rock used to support a mine shaft

The arrangement of all know elements, natural or manmade, based on density and further grouped by prevalent characteristics where correlations are known to exist

A roughly egg shaped orebody

A plutonic formations, including laccoliths , are created when volcanic fluids are trapped beneath another rock body, causing the overlying rock to form a dome shaped upheaval

Refers to rocks from plutons transported from great depth

An intrusive igneous body, usually measured in kilometers

A small offshoot of solid lava from a larger flow