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Regolith

The layer of rocks, gravel, sand, soil and other matter between surface and bedrock

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Refractory ore

Ore whose minerals resist separation by initial chemical processes and require further chemical decomposition

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Recovery

The percentage of valuable minerals successfully recovered in ore

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Rock

Any natural mineral, alone or in combination

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River bar

A large pile of boulders and gravel, collected and concentrated by the action of a river or other channel

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Rutile

A tetragonal mineral and ore of titanium, TiO2

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Ruthenium

A silvery white, hexagonal platinum group metal. Symbol, Ru

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Runoff

Water that drains from a flood plain, or higher structure into streams, rivers, or other channels

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Ruby

The red, gemstone variety of corundum Al2O3. Sapphires represent the blue variety of the same substance